Archaeology has developed into a mature subject because of the urgent need for identification. Archaeology mainly infers the era of earth and cultural relics based on the stratigraphic age and the relative relationship of strata. Closely related to the identification of cultural relics, and with the rapid advancement of scientific and technological means, it has made amazing breakthroughs and solved many unsolved mysteries in many fields. Antique art, especially antique jade, reflects the trend of contemporary collections and archaeological excavations. The artifacts solved the identification of the authenticity of the ancient jade to a certain extent.
In recent decades, China's field archaeology has achieved fruitful results, especially in the cultural sites with tombs as a unit. A large number of relics have been found in ancient cultural relics of different eras and historical periods. These jade articles have clear characteristics of the times. And the cultural characteristics provide us with accurate materials for understanding jade articles of various periods or regions. In the process of jade identification, it is necessary to analyze and compare the types of different jade articles. Therefore, it is very important to master the comprehensiveness of the relevant data and the scientific method of the comparison method. Before the jade identification, a lot of preparations must be made to accumulate. Experience, master the information.
A basic work before the identification of jade articles is to sort out, compare and analyze the archaeological excavation materials of jade articles. This is what jade identification workers must personally do. Pay attention to the following points when conducting data research: First, master the materials comprehensively and try to avoid omissions. Compared with the jade articles that can be provided by the society at that time, the number of jade articles left in the cultural sites is very small. The jade artifacts excavated by archaeology are also part of the cultural relics. On this basis, the characteristics of the jade ages are summarized. Very weak, there may be a lot of error, if the existing materials can not be fully grasped, it is difficult to correctly grasp the type characteristics of the ancient jade. Second, it is necessary to analyze and observe the existing materials in detail. Scientifically grasp the materials to get a correct understanding. The level of jade identification often depends on the grasp of the characteristics of ancient jade. Whether it can correctly grasp the characteristics of ancient jade, it often depends on the observation and analysis of archaeological data. The purpose of observation is not only to see the general characteristics of the jade, but also to generalize it in general. Observing the knowledge gained from the known ancient jade articles is very useful in identifying ancient jade.
There are two main ways to identify and analyze antique jade through archaeological materials. The first is to go to the museum to see the exhibits. Prepare a magnifying glass and read it carefully and bit by bit. Some experts in the identification of cultural relics often talk about "getting started" when studying ancient jade, that is, taking it slowly in their hands. It is not uncommon for scholars who study ancient jade articles to see two or three works in the museum for a few hours. Similarly, it is not uncommon for some masters of antique jade to spend a few days at the museum to watch one or two exhibits, so that the importance of the exhibits can be seen. The second is to summarize the characteristics of ancient jade types through literature and atlas. Because the museum's exhibits are often partial works, it is impossible to concentrate the contemporary works of each region in one place. It is also impossible to display all the works of a certain era in a region, and it is necessary to expand the amount of information through the literature. In the induction of the characteristics of the ancient jade era, it is necessary to discharge the sequence of the development of different artifacts, to understand the evolution of artifacts in development, the characteristics of each development process, the differences between different periods, and the inability to identify without understanding the differences. Under current conditions , literature and atlas are very necessary for research work.
It is not enough to use these methods alone, but also to independently summarize the characteristics of ancient jade, because the jade identification process is a personal behavior for each appraiser, and it is necessary to independently come up with its own conclusions. Collaboration between people. If you have not independently studied the ancient jade typology, it is difficult to have the ability to independently identify and identify ancient jade. However, in the independent induction, we must pay attention to the accuracy of the conclusions. We must have sufficient identification points for any conclusions. It is common for some appraisers to climb for many years in the profession, but the ideas are bizarre, not marginal, and many people advise not to reflect. . This kind of communication cannot be communicated with the outside world, and it is not possible to listen to different opinions. It is not possible to correct the appraisers of their original knowledge with the discovery of the information, and it is difficult to obtain a correct appraisal conclusion.
Another basis for jade identification is the familiarity of individual jade. A certain number of typical works must be recorded. In the process of jade identification, visual judgment is a very important part. In this process of judgment, it is seldom to draw conclusions based on abstract concepts. Appraisers often compare according to typical works in memory. The initial judgments are whether such works have appeared, that is, “seen†or “have not seenâ€, and then there are doubts about “features†or “characteristicsâ€. "On this basis, further analysis can make a conclusion." Unfamiliar with a certain number of representative works, it is difficult to make such a comparison. In general, in the initial stage, jade appraisers need to remember the characteristics of one or two hundred works, including materials, shapes, colors, patterns, and processing methods. If further, the typical characteristics of these works should be compared to form a sequence of understanding of type development.
In addition to grasping the characteristics of the ancient jade, it is also necessary to master the method of making ancient jade and to understand the characteristics of fake ancient jade. On this basis, the identification of the authenticity of ancient jade, the experience and insight play an important role in the identification process. The main body of the appraisal should rely on the knowledge already acquired for analysis and judgment. To identify the age of a jade, first determine the work. The type of attribution, clarifying the characteristics of the era of the work. Specifically, it is necessary to judge the shape, the pattern, and the manufacturing method. Here we should pay attention to the consistency of the characteristics of various aspects of jade, that is to say, judging from various angles, the conclusions drawn should be consistent, and should be the characteristics of jade in the same era and the same region. If there is a difference, it will be analyzed separately and will be based on the characteristics of the latest era. After the initial type of attribution is obtained, it is necessary to make a judgment of authenticity. At this time, it is also necessary to analyze the shape, pattern, material, and processing technology, and also to determine whether there is artificial disability, artificial dyeing, and human work. Old, and the knowledge about the ancient jade to do pseudo-methods, to identify the characteristics of the fake ancient jade that the style has seen, it is very important. Because there are too many manufacturing methods for fake ancient jade, there is no special department to carry out the induction of fake ancient jade specimens. When important identification is to be carried out, the appraisal subject should provide its own method of proof. Therefore, if there are conditions, it is necessary to carry out relevant information.
It is very difficult to judge the authenticity of ancient jade. Appraisers often encounter three situations: in a short time, the work can be clearly defined as ancient jade; in a short time, the work can be judged as fake ancient jade; Pseudo-needs to study further. When judging the authenticity of ancient jade, pay attention to the following aspects:
First, identify the jade material. The jade materials used in ancient times were varied, especially in the Neolithic to Shang dynasty for thousands of years, a variety of minerals were used to make jade, and non-practical production tools of mineral processing during this period were possible. It is a jade. Because the uniform standard of jade materials was still difficult to establish at the time, it was only taken locally, and the use of jade materials was multifaceted. The same kind of jade material is ever-changing in color. The manufacture of ancient jade is based on the various manifestations of such minerals and the same mineral. However, the choice of jade material is subject to geographical restrictions and has great limitations. After the Shang Dynasty, the standard of jade materials tends to be the same, but the choice of jade materials in each era is subject to conditions. The main reason is that the mining conditions cannot exceed the mineral distribution conditions. The jade materials used in a specific period are only certain parts of certain minerals. This part of jade is often distinguished from the specific characteristics of the same mineral. This requires careful study, observation, and mastery.
Second, the unity of manufacturing style. The jade of each era has its own characteristics in the shape, ornamentation and reflected cultural content, that is, the so-called characteristics of the times. For a jade, its manufacturing era is generally only one. A small amount may be changed twice, so there must be uniformity in these characteristics.
Third, the judgment of processing characteristics. The manufacture of jade articles for thousands of years has basically been carried out with cookware, and the changes are not great. However, in terms of processing methods, each period has its own characteristics. The appraisers call it “knife workers.†According to the knife, judging the age of the jade, and identifying the authenticity is necessary in the identification process.
Fourth, judge the old and the new according to the jade color. After the jade is made, the surface of the jade will change color due to exposure to the air, or buried in the ground, or through human contact, or other reasons. For example, the Palace Museum in Beijing has a part of the Ming Dynasty jade belt, which is a typical remains of the Ming Palace. It has not been buried in the earth. Some of them have plates with a surface that is old and has a clear distinction with the new jade works. The reason is the long-term air oxidation. This shows that the surface of the jade can be old and new. But this change is very slow and is affected by many factors. If the jade is placed in a relatively closed state, its color change will be slower.
Fifth, pay attention to the size of the jade. Jade articles of some eras generally have a volume change range in volume, and the possibility of special small or large works as fake ancient jade is very large.
The above is the general method for judging the authenticity of the jade. There are two starting points for judgment: the first is the characteristics of the ancient jade that have been mastered, and the jade that is identified is judged accordingly; the second is the pseudo-method that has been mastered. It should be noted that at present, the ancient jade is very old, and the effect is very close to the old color of the ancient jade, which brings difficulties to the identification and needs to be carefully studied and treated.
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